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Encyclopedia Guide (key terms defined):

Using on-line Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, and Knowledge Maps to explore concepts
On-line encyclopedias, dictionaries, and various graphical-user-interfaces (GUIs) for viewing semantic relationships among words/concepts (i.e., infocartography), are very useful for positioning oneself in the world of ideas and discourse. Here I mention just three. The first one in particular is worth exploring.

1. ScienceDirect (online) ---International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
2. Oxford Reference Online
3. Semantic Webs and Knowledge Maps

Note: to acces most of these resources from off campus, you'll have to configure your Web browser (i.e. create what is called a proxy server so your browser at home acts as if you are inside the UCSD system--thereby giving you the same level of access to expensive databases, for free, that you have on campus). Here is the url for details on how to set up a proxy server:

http://www-ono.ucsd.edu/documentation/squid/

1. ScienceDirect (online) link to International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/0080430767
ScienceDirect (online) link to home page: http://www.sciencedirect.com/

ScienceDirect (online) is a useful tool to find detailed definitions of many concepts (written by prominent authors with links to literature). The ScienceDirect database includes access to International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (IESBS). The IESBS captures the "state of the art" of the social and behavioral sciences, as did the earlier 1968 edition by David L. Sills (ed.). The newer version of the encyclopedia has expanded its focus to include related biological fields, such as evolutionary science, genetics, cognitive neuroscience, psychiatry, and health. It also Anthropology, Archaeology, Demography, Economics, Education, Geography, History, Law, Linguistics, Philosophy, Political Science, Psychiatry, Psychology, Sociology. Related disciplines include: Gender Studies, Religious Studies, Expressive forms (in Art and Literature), Environmental/Ecological Studies, Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Statistics, and International Studies. Applications include: Management Studies, Media Studies, Urban Studies and Public Policy.

The IESBS is a good source to explore your key concepts. For instance, you might want the theoretical context (associated discourses) and history of concepts such as environmental justice, sustainable development, civil society, precautionary principle, community economic development, advocacy/equity planning, regional planning, planning ethics, public good, human-environment relationships, urban poverty in neighborhoods, community, and/or postmodern urbanism. The International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences provides short essays on each of these examples (about 4-6 pages long), with an abstract up front.

Two examples (abstracts only) are posted below. After these two examples, you will find the IESBS entries for Urban Studies and Urban Planning followed by 216 terms culled from the full list of 3,842 signed articles (encyclopedic entries).

Author: Calhoun, C.
Title: Civil Society/Public Sphere: History of the Concept
Source: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
Abstract: The concept of the public sphere refers to the capacity of the members of civil society to coordinate their common affairs through collective discourse which transcends the private interests of each. The concept is associated especially with the theories of Hannah Arendt and Jurgen Habermas. Current work focuses especially on the relationship between rational-critical communication and other dimensions of culture- formation and expressive communication; on issues of diversity in participation, topics, and communicative styles; and on the relationship of the public sphere to state-centered politics and/or the transcendence of the state in an international public sphere. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00115-7 

Author: Bullard, R.
Concept: Environmental Justice
Source: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
Abstract: Numerous studies reveal that low-income persons and people of color have borne greater health and environmental risk burdens than the society at large. Environmental justice is defined as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Fair treatment means that no group of people, including racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic groups should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, municipal, and commercial operations or the execution of federal, state, local, and tribal programs, and policies. The grassroots environmental justice movement challenged the dominant environmental protection paradigm--a framework that manages, regulates, and distributes risks. On the other hand, the environmental justice paradigm embraces a holistic approach to formulating health policies and regulations, developing risk reduction strategies for multiple, cumulative and synergistic risks, ensuring public health, enhancing of public participation in environmental decision-making, promoting community empowerment, building infrastructure for achieving environmental justice and sustainable communities, ensuring interagency cooperation and coordination, developing innovative public/private partnerships and collaboratives, enhancing community-based pollution prevention strategies, ensuring community-based sustainable economic development, and developing geographically-oriented community-wide programming. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/04177-2

Accessing ScienceDirect (online)
To use ScienceDirect (online) you need a good connection to the Internet, through UCSD's network connection (if you don't hook up using UCSD's services, you'll need to configure your browser with a "proxy server" (which makes something like a Roadrunner account behave as if you are logged in from campus). This is easy to do. UCSD's office of ACS/Network Operations has directions on their web site at: http://www-no.ucsd.edu/documentation/squid/index.html

Oxford Reference Online:
http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/GLOBAL.html

The Oxford Reference Online Core Collection brings together 100 well-known and trusted dictionaries and reference books, plus an Encyclopedia, into a single cross-searchable web database. The Core Collection is unique in offering integrated, consistent coverage of a broad range of subjects: everything from General Reference, Language and Quotations to Science and Medicine, and from Humanities and Social Sciences to Business and Professional.

Semantic Webs and Knowledge Maps
http://www.visualthesaurus.com/online/index.html

There are some interesting tools you can use to explore the semantic web of meaning (related terminology/ideas) within which concepts are embedded. The Visual Thesaurus , for instance, is an animated display of words and meanings -- a visual representation of the English language. Looking up a word creates a visualization with your word in the center of the display, connected to related words and meanings. You can then click on these words or meanings to explore further.

Another "infocartographic" technology creates knowledge maps as "hyperbolic trees." Click here for an example focused on sustainable development.

Urban Planning

216 Additional terms available as as pdf files (culled from the full list of 3,842 encyclopedic entries):

Smelser, N.J. and P.B. Baltes, International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. 1st ed. 2001, Amsterdam ; New York: Elsevier. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/0080430767

1. Oberschall, A.R., Action, Collective

*2. Krumholz, N., Advocacy and Equity Planning

3. Larson, M.S., Architecture.

4. Card, J.J., Archiving: Ethical Aspects.

5. Robinson, I., Area and International Studies: Political Economy.

6. Donnan, H., Borders, Anthropology of.

7. Berend, I.T., Capitalism.

8. Sklair, L., Capitalism: Global.

9. Bennett, A., Case Study: Methods and Analysis.

10. O'Neill, B., Cassandra/Cornucopian Debate.

11. Anderson, M., Censuses: History and Methods.

12. Abbruzzese, S., Charisma: Social Aspects of.

13. Sassen, S., Cities: Capital, Global, and World.

14. Calhoun, C., Civil Society/Public Sphere: History of the Concept.

15. Al-Azmeh, A., Civilization, Concept and History of.

16. Wood, J.L., Collective Behavior, Sociology of.

17. Holzer, J., Communism, History of.

18. Blakely, E.J. and R.J. Milano, Community Economic Development.

19. Fainstein, S.S., Community Power Structure.

20. Rabinowitz, D., Community Studies: Anthropological.

21. Featherstone, M., Consumer Culture.

22. Duchin, F., Consumption, Environmentally Significant.

23. Maier, C.S., Contemporary History.

24. Gordon, R.W., Critical Legal Studies.

25. Harris, A., Critical Race Theory.

26. Sayer, A., Critical Realism in Geography.

27. Ray, L., Critical Theory: Contemporary.

28. Bohman, J., Critical Theory: Frankfurt School.

29. Rouse, J., Cultural Studies of Science.

30.  Fukuyama, F., Culture and Economic Development: Cultural Concerns.

31. Dahl, R.A., Democracy.

32. Sheehan, J.J., Democracy, History of.

33.  Davis, D.E., Development and Urbanization.

34. Behrman, J.R., Development, Economics of.

35. Wittrock, B., Disciplines, History of, in the Social Sciences.

36.  Oaxaca, R., Discrimination, Economics of.

37. Porter, P.W., Ecology, Cultural.

38. Glasser, H., Ecology, Deep.

39.  Stonich, S.C., Ecology, Political.

40. Jovanovic, B., Economic Growth: Theory.

41. Pinch, S., Economic Restructuring: Geographic Aspects.

42. Zelizer, V.A., Economic Sociology.

43. Broome, J., Economics and Ethics.

44. Schabas, M., Economics, History of.

45. Hausman, D.M., Economics, Philosophy of.

46. Cater, E., Ecotourism.

47. Cheek, D.W., Education and Economic Growth.

48. Lander, R.I., Educational Innovation, Management of.

49. Roeder, P.M., Educational Institutions, History of.

50. Barrow, C.J., Environment and Development.

51. Nijkamp, P. and J.C.J.M. van den Bergh, Environmental and Resource Management.

52. Orssatto, R.J., Environmental Challenges in Organizations.

53. Smith, V.K., Environmental Economics.

54. Bruggemeier, F.-J., Environmental History.

55. Bullard, R., Environmental Justice.

56.  Keene, J.C., Environmental Planning.

57. Dolzer, R., Environmental Policy.

58. Thompson, J., Environmentalism: Philosophical Aspects.

59. Arneson, R.J., Equality: Philosophical Aspects.

60. Arnaud, A.-J., Equity.

61. Railton, P., Ethics and Values.

62. Jarosz, L., Feminist Political Ecology.

63. Hekman, S., Feminist Theory: Postmodern.

64. Szakolczai, A., Foucault, Michel (1926-84).

65. Rieber, A.J., Frontiers in History.

66. Anspach, R.R., Gender and Health Care.

67. Lerner, G., Gender, Class, Race, and Ethnicity, Social Construction of.

68. Blau, F.D., Gender, Economics of.

69. Goodchild, M.F., Geographic Information Systems.

70. Sheppard, E., Geographic Information Systems: Critical Approaches.

71. E. Chalmers, B., Globalization and Health.

72. Amin, A., Globalization: Geographical Aspects.

73. Fennell, M.L., Health Care Delivery Services.

74. Gray, B.H., Health Care Organizations: For- profit and Nonprofit.

75. Ruggie, M., Health Care Systems: Comparative.

76. Immergut, E.M., Health Policy.

77. McCullagh, C.B., Historical Explanation, Theories of: Philosophical Aspects.

78. Iggers, G.G., Historiography and Historical Thought: Current Trends.

79. Iggers, G.G., Historiography and Historical Thought: Modern History (Since the Eighteenth Century).

80. Spohn, W., History and the Social Sciences.

81. Daston, L., History of Science.

82. Hughes, T.P., History of Technology.

83. Torstendahl, R., History, Professionalization of.

84. Rusen, J., History: Overview.

85. Lorenz, C., History: Theories and Methods.

86. Smith, R., Human Sciences: History and Sociology.

87. Meyer, W.B., Human-Environment Relationships.

88. Friese, H., Imagination: History of the Concept.

89. Harre, R., Individual/Society: History of the Concept.

90. den Hond, F., Industrial Ecology.

91. Wernick, K., Industrial Metabolism.

92. Biernacki, R., Industrialization.

93. Starbuck, W.H. and P. Porrini, Information and Knowledge: Organizational.

94. Webster, F., Information Society.

95. Grauer, M., Information Technology.

96.  Perry, D.C., Infrastructure Investment.

97.  Perry, D.C., Infrastructure Investment.

98. Featherman, D.L., Infrastructure: Social/Behavioral Research ( United States).

99. Rura-Polley, T., Innovation: Organizational.

100. Brym, R.J., Intellectuals, Sociology of.

101. Puhle, H.-J., Interest Groups, History of.

102. Pogge, T., Justice: Philosophical Aspects.

103. Krohn, W., Knowledge Societies.

104. Steiner, F., Landscape Architecture.

105.  Heimer, C.A., Law: New Institutionalism.

106. Weinstein, C.E., Learning to Learn.

107. Gherardi, S., Learning: Organizational.

108. Ettlinger, N., Local Economic Development.

109. Wilbanks, T.J., Local-Global Linkages: Environmental Aspects.

110. Michell, J., Measurement Theory: History and Philosophy.

111. Currie, G., Methodological Individualism: Philosophical Aspects.

112. Bourne, L.S., Metropolitan Growth and Change: International Perspectives.

113. Maki, U., Models, Metaphors, Narrative, and Rhetoric: Philosophical Aspects.

114. Proctor, J.D., Nature, Concepts of: Environmental and Ecological.

115. Carmon, N., Neighborhood: General.

116. Chiesi, A.M., Network Analysis.

117. Stokman, F.N., Networks: Social.

118. Thiel, C., Normative Aspects of Social and Behavioral Science.

119. Opp, K.-D., Norms.

120. Resnik, D.B., Objectivity of Research: Ethical Aspects.

121. Gaukroger, S., Objectivity, History of.

122. Leiter, B., Objectivity: Philosophical Aspects.

123.  Linstead, S.A., Organizational Culture.

124. Friedberg, E., Organizations, Sociology of.

125. Friedberg, E., Organizations, Sociology of.

126. Hendler, S., Planning Ethics.

127. Newman, P., Planning Issues and Sustainable Development.

128. Mandelbaum, S.J., Planning Theory (North American).

129. Healey, P., Planning Theory: Interaction with Institutional Contexts.

130. Patashnik, E.M., Planning, Politics of.

131. Sabatier, P.A. and M.A. Zafonte, Policy Knowledge: Advocacy Organizations.

132. Prewitt, K., Policy Knowledge: Foundations.

133. Furner, M.O., Policy Knowledge: New Liberalism.

134. Court, D., Policy Knowledge: Universities.

135. Polsby, N.W., Political Science: Overview.

136. Catley-Carson, M., Population Policy: International.

137. Fuller, S., Positivism, History of.

138. Dear, M.J., Postmodern Urbanism.

139. Soja, E.W., Postmodernism in Geography.

140. Rosenau, P.V., Postmodernism: Methodology.

141. Patton, P., Postmodernism: Philosophical Aspects.

142. Ferge, Z., Poverty Policy.

143. Haveman, R.H., Poverty: Measurement and Analysis.

144. Haveman, R.H., Poverty: Measurement and Analysis.

145. Clegg, S.R., Power in Society.

146. McFarland, A.S., Power: Political.

147. Golding, D., Precautionary Principle.

148. Ross, D., Progress: History of the Concept.

149. Schnapper, D., Race: History of the Concept.

150. Ashmore, M., Reflexivity, in Science and Technology Studies.

151. Pudup, M.B., Region: Geographical.

152. Wood, G., Regional Geography.

153. Balme, R., Regional Government.

154. Pohl, J., Regional Identity.

155. Hix, S.J., Regional Integration.

156. Johnson, D.A., Regional Planning, History of.

157. Isserman, A., Regional Science.

158. Griswold, W., Regionalism and Cultural Expression.

159. Ferngren, G.B., Religion and Science.

160. Roeck, B., Renaissance.

161. Thiele, F., Research Conduct: Ethical Codes.

162. Tuzin, D., Research Ethics, Cross-cultural Dimensions of.

163. Sieber, J.E., Research Ethics: Research.

164.  Carson, R.T., Resources and Environment: Contingent Valuation.

165.  Leith, J., Revolutions, History of.

166. Etzkowitz, H., Science and Industry.

167. Jamison, A., Science and Social Movements.

168. Stichweh, R., Scientific Disciplines, History of.

169. Collins, H.M., Scientific Knowledge, Sociology of.

170. Damerow, P. and J. Renn, Scientific Revolution: History and Sociology of.

171.  Hernes, G., Social Change: Types.

172. Conrad, C., Social History.

173. Tilly, L., Social Movements, History of: General.

174. Wastl-Walter, D., Social Movements: Environmental Movements.

175. Tilly, L., Social Protests, History of.

176. D'Agostino, F., Social Science, the Idea of.

177. Goudsblom, J. and J. Heilbron, Sociology, History of.

178. Rushton, G., Spatial Decision Support Systems.

179. Sismondo, S., Standpoint Theory, in Science.

180. Bryson, J.M., Strategic Planning.

181. Whipp, R., Strategy: Organizational.

182. Barnes, R.H., Structuralism.

183. Dosse, F., Structuralism, History of.

184. Singer, E., Surveys and Polling: Ethical Aspects.

185. Burgess, J.C. and E.B. Barbier, Sustainable Development.

186. Branscomb, L.M., Technological Innovation.

187. Rip, A., Technology Assessment.

188. Sack, R.D., Territoriality: Geographical.

189. Levy, D., Unconscious: History of the Concept.

190. Dennis, M.A., Universities and Science and Technology: United States.

191. Rothblatt, S., Universities, in the History of the Social Sciences.

192. Low, S.M., Urban Anthropology.

*193.  Anderson, E., Urban Ethnography.

194. Schneider-Sliwa, R., Urban Geography.

195. Le Gales, P., Urban Government: Europe.

196. Harris, B., Urban Growth Models.

197. Ugawa, K., Urban History.

198. Barnett, J., Urban Places, Planning for the Use of: Design Guide.

199. Freestone, R., Urban Planning (Western), History of.

200. Gale, D.E., Urban Planning: Central City Revitalization.

201. Hein, C., Urban Planning: Competitions and Exhibitions.

202. Nelson, A.C., Urban Planning: Growth Management.

203. Williams, R.H., Urban Policy: Europe.

*204. Teitz, M.B., Urban Policy: North America.

205. Eisinger, P., Urban Politics: United States.

*206. Grigsby III, J.E., Urban Poverty in Neighborhoods.

*207. LeGates, R., Urban Studies: Overview.

208. Lynch, M., Visualization: Representation in Science.

209. Cundy, A., Water Pollution: Terrestrial and Groundwater.

210. Wescoat Jr., J.L., Water Resources.

211. Gordon, D., Waterfront Planning.

212. Wolff, E.N., Wealth Distribution.

213. Blank, R.M., Welfare Programs, Economics of.

214. Welsch, W., Wisdom: Philosophical Aspects.

215. Ehmer, J., Work, History of.

216. Chirot, D., World Systems Theory.